continuously reloaded 3,000-atom machine
continuously reloaded 3,000-atom machine
Register profile — the machine's variant of its architecture
qubit type: hyperfine clock-state qubit
gate mechanism: no entangling result in this paper - the machine is a continuous-operation enabler
connectivity: defect-free arrays of 2,024 atoms within 60 ms; two optical-lattice conveyor belts move atoms ~0.5 m, AOD tweezers only for local rearrangement; reload 300,000 atoms per second giving 30,000 initialised qubits per second
control: SLM tweezers, conveyors and Rydberg lasers
control placement: optics (room temperature)
readout: fluorescence imaging
gate evidence: no published figure
flags: enabler only
Technologies by layer — the machine's cell per layer
| 1 Qubit carrier | Alkali atom (Rb/Cs) in optical tweezers · primary ▣ Fig. 2b (single-shot fluorescence image of 3,217 atoms in the 3,240-site storage array, 99.3% filling); Fig. 1 (Atom-array architecture for continuous operation) ✅ >3,000 87Rb atoms operated continuously for >2 hours (Nature, Sep 2025; arXiv Jun 2025) |
| 2 Encoding | Hyperfine / clock-state qubit · primary ▣ Extended Data Fig. 5d (atomic levels for fast initialization); Methods: Qubit Initialization; Methods: Qubit Manipulation and Readout ✅ 87Rb hyperfine clock-state qubit |
| 3 Gate mechanism | Rydberg-blockade CZ · alternate ▤ 🔎 Rydberg lasers in the control stack; no entangling gate result reported in this paper — none — nothing in this layer ▤ §Discussion and Outlook (no entangling-gate experiment; Figs. 1-4 cover reloading, assembly, coherence) ✅ no entangling result in this paper; the machine is a continuous-operation enabler |
| 4 Connectivity / transport | Continuous atom reloading (reservoir + optical conveyor belt) · primary ▣ Fig. 1a (two optical-lattice conveyor belts transport atoms 0.5 m from MOT region to science region); Extended Data Fig. 2 (Dual-lattice conveyor belt transport); Methods: Dual-Lattice Optical Transport ✅ two optical-lattice conveyor belts move atoms ~0.5 m; reload 300,000 atoms/s into tweezers => 30,000 initialised qubits/s (Nature, Sep 2025; arXiv Jun 2025) Atom transport by AOD tweezers (zoned architecture) · alternate ▣ Fig. 2a (zone architecture: lattice reservoir, 1,440-site preparation zone, 3,240-site storage zone); Extended Data Fig. 6 (Preparation zone atom rearrangement and iterative assembly); Methods: Atom Rearrangement ✅ AOD tweezers only for local rearrangement; defect-free arrays of 2,024 atoms within 60 ms; cycle ~100 ms |
| 5 Control | Laser + AOD/SLM optical control (atoms) · primary ▣ Extended Data Fig. 3a (optical beam paths for tweezer generation and single-atom imaging); Methods: Tweezer Generation; Methods: Control System and Timing ✅ SLM tweezers, optical-lattice conveyors and Rydberg lasers; optics (room temperature) |
| 6 Readout | Fluorescence imaging of atom arrays · primary ▣ Fig. 2b (single-shot fluorescence image); Methods: Objective & Imaging System; Methods: Finite-Field Laser Cooling & Imaging; Methods: Qubit Manipulation and Readout ✅ fluorescence imaging |
| 7 Code | — none — nothing in this layer ▤ §Discussion and Outlook (no QEC experiment; Figs. 1-4 and Extended Data Figs. 1-10 contain no code) ✅ no QEC code in this paper; continuous-operation hardware demonstration |
| 8 Decoder | — none — nothing in this layer ▤ §Discussion and Outlook (no decoder; no QEC run) ✅ no decoder; no QEC run in this paper |
| 9 Interconnect | — none — nothing in this layer ▣ Extended Data Fig. 1a (simplified view of the single vacuum chamber: MOT region and science region); Methods: Vacuum System ✅ single apparatus; monolithic, no interconnect |
| 10 Manufacturing | Optical / mechanical assembly (lasers, vacuum, objectives) · primary ▤ Methods: Vacuum System; Methods: Objective & Imaging System; Methods: Tweezer Generation; Extended Data Fig. 1a (vacuum chamber); Extended Data Fig. 3 (High-NA beam paths and optical tweezer characterization) ✅ room-temperature optics/vacuum with continuous-reload hardware: 2 optical-lattice conveyors, 300,000 atoms/s into tweezers |
Standard records
code rate k/n → 3.00e+5 atoms/s · best (reload into tweezers)
30,000 initialised qubits per second · Sep 2025 · source
transport per gate layer → 60 ms · typical (defect-free 2,024-atom array assembly)
Sep 2025 · source
evidence: ✅ 11 / 12